(Photo: Youtube chanel of Matica Slovenská)
In recent years it is possible to observe a huge increase of fabricated
fact-free visual content on social media and disinformation websites pretending
to provide alternative “news”. Such content aims to instigate doubt, fear,
anger and distrust in the mainstream media or state administration. However, what do you do when disinformation or
alternative facts are spread within a country by its national state-funded
institution?
Such thing occurred in Slovakia. Matica Slovenská, the scientific and cultural
institution of the Slovak Republic, which is supposed to be upholding Slovak
cultural heritage and building national awareness among Slovak citizens living
in Slovakia as well as abroad, published a video questioning the development of
Slovak nation if particular historical events would not have happened. Those
historical events, which were attempted to be justified, were the establishment
of the first Slovak State, its collaboration with the Third Reich and
deportation of over 75 thousand Slovak citizens to concentration camps and
their consequent death.
In the video titled Without March 14 Matica Slovenská attempted
to present alternative narratives of historical facts by stating a lot of “what
ifs” questions on what would have happened if the first Slovak State, which
collaborated with Hitler’s Germany, was not established. The video contains a
lot of controversial statements and hypotheses including: “Would have the
Slovak nation survived?” or “We, (Matica Slovenská) cannot identify with the
interpretation of Slovak history in the years 1918 to 1945, as it was framed
and anchored in the process of post-war retribution justice”.
The Slovak State was established in 1939 and was led by the Hlinka's Slovak People's Party. In 1941 it adopted a "Jewish Code" resembling the Nuremberg Laws, which required, among other things, Jews to wear a yellow armband. The party had also its own militia with para-military units, named Hinka’s Guard, which operated against representatives of minorities – Jew, Czechs, Hungarians or the opposition. The Slovak State, led by a Slovak Roman Catholic priest Jozef Tiso, was also one of the countries to agree to deport its Jews as part of the Nazi Final Solution. Thus, many neo-Nazi groups and far-right extremist political parties, perceive and celebrate the representatives of the first Slovak state as Slovak national heroes and fathers of the Slovak state.
The Slovak State was established in 1939 and was led by the Hlinka's Slovak People's Party. In 1941 it adopted a "Jewish Code" resembling the Nuremberg Laws, which required, among other things, Jews to wear a yellow armband. The party had also its own militia with para-military units, named Hinka’s Guard, which operated against representatives of minorities – Jew, Czechs, Hungarians or the opposition. The Slovak State, led by a Slovak Roman Catholic priest Jozef Tiso, was also one of the countries to agree to deport its Jews as part of the Nazi Final Solution. Thus, many neo-Nazi groups and far-right extremist political parties, perceive and celebrate the representatives of the first Slovak state as Slovak national heroes and fathers of the Slovak state.
In its video Matica Slovenská, as the scientific and cultural
institution of the Slovak Republic, inappropriately relativized the responsibility
of the first Slovak State and its leading representatives for the destiny and
eventually the death of over 75 thousand Slovak citizens. It incorrectly insinuated
and interlinked the establishment of the first Slovak State with the
establishment of the Slovak resistance movement against the German troops and the attempt to overthrow the collaborationist Slovak political representatives during
the WWII, the Slovak National Uprising. The Slovak National Uprising is
perceived as an important event in Slovak history when the Slovak citizens
unified and protested against foreign occupation. Matica also attempted to
relativize collaboration of Slovak politicians with Nazi Germany and its
adoption of “Jewish Code” by declaring that “the life of Slovak Jews would not
have been any better” than in Poland or Hungary during the WWII.
The reactions of historians and the representatives of the Ministry of
education, which funds Matica Slovenská, on the video were quite critical. While, the leading
representatives of this cultural and scientific institution argued that this
video is not a historical document, but a production “attempting to provide an alternative point of view or state alternative
questions” about historical events, it is highly questionable whether a
state-funded institution should be doing so. Deportations of Jewish or Roma
minority to concentration camps are historical facts that occurred and do not
have alternative interpretations.
While Matica Slovenská eventually took down the video from its website
and Youtube channel, many started to question its work and activities. For
example in January it published an official statement, in which it was “appalled by the present activities of
some civic organizations and media, who think of themselves at the only
interpreters of truth, democracy and dignity”. This criticism was aimed at the
activists, think tankers and journalists of so-called “Bratislava’s coffee house”,
who are critical of the government, who want more transparency in the public
sphere and less corruption and misuse of public funds. While Matica’s
statement was the reaction on personal opinions of one famous Slovak actor on
both Slovak and foreign politicians, which were in some cases very critical and
pejorative, it is possible to observe that Matica Slovenská adopted similar
stance and narratives used by pro-Kremlin disinformation
outlets. These disinformation outlets are critical of
institutions positively depicting Slovak President Andrej Kiska, while they are
writing about Vladimir Putin or the Czech President Miloš Zeman in a positive
way.
Interestingly, the regular derogatory statements of members of Slovak
Parliament and representative of far-right extremist parties do not shock or
appal Matica’s representatives. Matica was not even concerned when the member
of the Slovak Parliament and representative of extreme right People`s Party Our
Slovakia (LSNS) insinuated on his Facebook page Holocaust denial. In 2016 the members of
LSNS far-right extremist party were even invited to and attended district council
meetings of Matica Slovenská.
Furthermore, it is quite interesting that it was Matica Slovenská,
which in its article in its Slovak National Newspaper provided an explanation
and definition of the derogatory term
used for civic organizations and activists – “slniečkari” (shinny happy
people). The term and such narrative are actively used by various
disinformation outlets in Slovakia, when reporting on how ridiculous and loopy
the claims and arguments of activists, media or civic organizations are. Another
fun fact, the author of this article frequently publishes his work and opinions
on various disinformation outlets as well as in newspaper of Matica Slovenská.
At the present time, in which disinformation outlets spread distorting
and dismaying stories, one would expect the national scientific and cultural
institutions to be the source of truth and the well of historical data.
However, the narratives and activities of Matica Slovenská only legitimize the
narratives used by the extremists and far-right political parties and
disinformation outlets. Therefore, state representatives, in particular the Ministry
of the Culture, which provides funding to Matica Slovenská, should reconsider
the manner and extent of financial support to such institution. Slovak
police
are already investigating Matica Slovenská for its controversial video.
Katarína Klingová
Research Fellow
GLOBSEC Policy Institute
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